Pioneer Continent

AI was named at the 1956 Dartmouth workshop and grew through three schools — symbolism (rules and logic), connectionism (neural networks) and behaviourism (sense-act) — riding boom-and-bust cycles: expert systems and the AI winters, the statistical-learning revival, AlexNet igniting deep learning in 2012 and ChatGPT opening the LLM era in 2022. The Turing test operationalizes "can machines think". Pitfalls: it checks indistinguishable conversation, not consciousness, and deep learning is a subset of machine learning, not a synonym for AI.